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NEW QUESTION # 77
Recent research has questioned the long-standing view of pearly mussels as exclusively suspension feeders (animals that strain suspended particles from water) that subsist on phytoplankton (mostly algae). Early studies of mussel feeding were based on analyses of gut contents, a method that has three weaknesses. First, material in mucus-bound gut contents is difficult to identify and quantify. Second, material found in the gut may pass undigested out of the mussel, not contributing to its nutrition. Finally, examination of gut contents offers limited insight into the mechanisms and behaviors by which mussels acquire food. Modem studies suggest that pearly mussels feed on more than just algae and may use other means than suspension feeding. Pedal feeding (sweeping up edible material with a muscular structure called the foot) has been observed in juvenile pearly mussels.
Besides the phytoplankton pearly mussels capture from the water column, their guts also contain small animals, protozoans, and detritus (nonliving particulate organic material). Recent studies show that mussels can capture and assimilate bacteria as well, a potentially important source of food in many fresh waters.
Another potential source of food for mussels is dissolved organic matter. Early studies showing that pearly mussels could take up simple organic compounds were largely discounted because such labile (unstable) compounds are rarely abundant in nature. Nevertheless, recent work on other bivalves suggests that dissolved organic matter may be a significant source of nutrition.
Of this complex mix of materials that pearly mussels acquire, what is actually required and assimilated?
Stable-isotope analyses of mussels taken from nature and of captive-reared mussels are beginning to offer some insight into this question. Nichols and Garling showed that pearly mussels in a small river were omnivorous, subsisting mainly on particles less than 2S micrometers in diameter, including algae, detritus, and bacteria. Bacterially derived carbon was apparently the primary source of soft-tissue carbon. However, bacteria alone cannot support mussel growth, because they lack the necessary long-chain fatty acids and sterols and are deficient in some amino acids. Bacteria may supplement other food resources, provide growth factors, or be the primary food In habitats such as headwater streams, where phytoplankton is scarce. Juvenile mussels have been most successfully reared m the laboratory on diets containing algae high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, it appears that the pearly mussel diet in nature may consist of algae, bacteria, detritus, and small animals and that at least some algae and bacteria may be required as a source of essential biochemicals.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
- A. question whether research findings about laboratory-reared pearly mussels can be extrapolated to pearly mussels in natural habitats
- B. summarize the present state of knowledge about what pearly mussels eat
- C. contrast two mechanisms by which pearly mussels have been shown lo feed
- D. suggest that a particular source of nutrients is more essential to pearly mussels than was previously thought
- E. explain why evidence used to support a long-standing view about pearly mussels is flawed
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 78
In a geometric series, each term is a constant multiple of the preceding one. If x and y are the first two terms in a geometric series, which of the following represents the third term in the series?
- A. Option D
- B. Option C
- C. Option B
- D. Option E
- E. Option A
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
You multiply x (the first term) by
to obtain y (the second term), and so is the constant multiple. To
obtain the third term, multiple the second term (y) by this multiple:
NEW QUESTION # 79
r, t, m, and w are positive numbers.
- A. The relationship cannot he determined from the information given.
- B. Quantity B is greater.
- C. Quantity A is greater.
- D. The two quantities are equal.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 80
Even the most complex models used in fishery management are cartoons of reality. They reduce hundreds of links in food webs to a handful and inadequately represent processes operating over space. Many of their assumptions are as flawed today as those of the simplest models of the past. Fish stocks, for one. are still assumed to be populations of a species that are isolated from one another. Yet many populations mix at their edges and some even migrate through areas occupied by other populations. Furthermore, the more complex models suffer from a "crisis of complexity"-more is really less. Adding layers of detail, each carrying its own set of assumptions, produces instability. The model's behavior becomes erratic, and conclusions drawn from it can be downright misleading.
In the context of the passage, the highlighted portion serves to
- A. question a finding
- B. demonstrate an oversimplification
- C. recommend a reformulation
- D. anticipate an objection
- E. confirm a prediction
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 81
ROBUST : VIGOR ::
- A. starving : appetite
- B. sanguine : hope
- C. farsighted : glasses
- D. massive : strength
- E. nervous : worry
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
This is a "degree of" analogy. ROBUST means full of VIGOR, just as sanguine means full of hope. Choice
B. is the second-best answer, because sickness and illness are synonymous. However, sickness does not suggest a fullness (of illness).
NEW QUESTION # 82
COG : WATCH ::
- A. fish : school
- B. manager : bureaucracy
- C. screen : television
- D. seasoning : recipe
- E. lawyer : jury
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
This is a "part-to-whole" analogy. A COG (gear or gear-tooth) is one of several types of components that together make a WATCH operate; similarly, a manager is one of many types of workers who contribute to the operation of a bureaucracy (a large, structured organization).
NEW QUESTION # 83
A continuous random variable R has a mean of 77 and a standard deviation of 8. What is the value of R that is
2.5 standard deviations above the mean?
- A. 87.5
- B. 79.5
- C. 0
- D. 1
- E. 2
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 84
Birds that prey on sage grouse generally hunt by circling over sagebrush and pouncing on sage grouse that come out into the open. Where there are power lines, however, these predators often survey the ground while sitting on the power lines. Although the area they can survey is smaller, predators sitting on power lines are more likely to catch sage grouse than are predators circling in the air. because_________, The primary purpose of the passage is to
- A. account for the widespread influence of a scientific theory
- B. show how a conventional theory was weakened by a new discovery
- C. explain why certain scientists rejected a particular hypothesis
- D. discuss a shift in an approach to explaining a natural phenomenon
- E. trace the origins of a scientific dispute
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 85
The town's air was consistently________ depending on the breeze, one might be greeted with the sour effluvia of twenty breweries, choking fumes from the coal tar factory, or brackish smells from the nearby river.
- A. redolent
- B. toxic
- C. noisome
- D. benign
- E. malodorous
- F. anodyne
Answer: A,E
NEW QUESTION # 86
In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.
A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan. One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease. Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.
The sixteenth century was an age of great ___exploration.
- A. common man
- B. cosmic
- C. none of the above
- D. mental
- E. land
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 87
If n is a positive integer such that 51 is a factor of //. which of the following could be the units digit of n ?
Indicate all such digits.
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
- F. 5
- G. 8
9 - H. 6
- I. 7
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 88
Though humanitarian emergencies are frequent features of television news, such exposure seldom_________the public, which rather seems resigned to a sense of impotency.
- A. exasperates
- B. assuages
- C. galvanizes
- D. paralyzes
- E. demoralizes
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 89
In the United States, the extent of adult illiteracy at the workplace has been obscured by adequate employment for adults with few or no literacy skills, too-simple definitions of literacy, faulty survey methods, and a stigma associated with illiteracy that keeps many people from admitting illiteracy or seeking help in overcoming it. With today's increasingly rapid technological advances and increased foreign competition, however, U.S. businesses are growing more and more aware of the extent and the costs of illiteracy in the work force. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics warns that the U.S. labor-force entrants in the years ahead may not have the skills that employers need - that new jobs in the service industries, where most job growth is projected to occur, will demand much higher literacy skill levels than today's service jobs, and few new jobs will be created for those who cannot read and follow directions, fill out forms and communicate by e-mail with coworkers, and perform simple arithmetical computations applying the basic rules of mathematics.
It can be inferred from the passage that
- A. adding numbers is a type of literacy skill
- B. workplace literacy programs are generally ineffective
- C. government projections about the future job market are unreliable
- D. solving workplace problems usually requires face-to-face communication
- E. workers today should learn to speak more than one language
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
In the passage, the author mentions arithmetic skills along with reading and writing skills in describing the sorts of "literacy skills" that future jobs will require, and the passage also mentions that U.S. businesses must teach their new and current workforce members.
NEW QUESTION # 90
HAND : GNARLED ::
- A. brow : creased
- B. tire : flat
- C. tree : tall
- D. flower : crushed
- E. foot : cramped
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
This is a type of "symptom or manifestation" analogy. A HAND may become GNARLED (knotted and twisted) with age, just as a brow may become creased (wrinkled or ridged) with age. Gnarls and creases are each a manifestation of gradual deterioration. Since a tire goes flat abruptly and for one of many possible reasons, choice E.is not as strong an analogy as choice (D).
NEW QUESTION # 91
In 1755 British writer Samuel Johnson published an acerbic letter to Lord Chesterfield rebuking his patron for neglect and declining further support. Johnson's rejection of his patron's belated assistance has often been identified as a key moment in the history of publishing, marking the end of the culture of patronage. However, patronage had been in decline for 50 years, yet would survive, in attenuated form, for another 50. Indeed.
Johnson was in 1762 awarded a pension by the Crown-a subtle form of sponsorship, tantamount to state patronage. The importance of Johnson's letter is not so much historical as emotional: it would become a touchstone for all who repudiated patrons and for all who embraced the laws of the marketplace.
The author of the passage mentions Johnson's 1762 pension award in order to
- A. provide a specific example of patronage's surviving into the second half of (he eighteenth century
- B. eighteenth century of private patronage's being replaced by state sponsorship
- C. emphasize that patronage still helped support Johnson's writing after his letter to Chesterfield
- D. provide evidence for a general trend in the later half of the
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 92
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17,1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools.
Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys.
Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong.
They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. They even designed and built their own source of propulsion- a lightweight gasoline engine. When they started the engine on December
17, the airplane pulsated wildly before taking off. The plane managed to stay aloft for twelve seconds, however, and it flew one hundred twenty feet. By 1905 the Wrights had perfected the first airplane that could turn, circle, and remain airborne for half an hour at a time. Others had flown in balloons or in hang gliders, but the Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power.
As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.
The Wright's interest in flight grew into a ____.
- A. plan
- B. need to act
- C. answer not in article
- D. financial empire
- E. foolish thought
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 93
In the 1970s, the idea of building so called "New Towns" to absorb growth was considered a potential cure- all for urban problems in the United States. It was assumed that by diverting residents from existing centers, current urban problems would at least get no worse. It was also assumed that, since European New Towns had been financially and socially successful, the same could be expected in the United States.
In the end, these ill-considered projects actually weakened U.S. cities further by drawing away high- income citizens. While industry and commerce sought in turn to escape, the lower-income groups left behind were unable to provide the necessary tax base to support the cities. Not surprisingly, development occurred in areas where land was cheap and construction profitable rather than where New Towns were genuinely needed. Moreover, the failure on the part of planners and federal legislators to consider social needs resulted not in the sort of successful New Towns seen in Britain but in nothing more than sprawling suburbs.
Which of the following phenomena is most closely analogous to the New Towns established in the United States?
- A. A business that fails as a result of insufficient demand for its products or services
- B. A new computer program that attempts to solve one software problem but that creates another
- C. A scientific theory that lacks supporting empirical evidence
- D. A new drug that is never approved for legal sale because of its severe side effects
- E. A new game that fails to attain widespread popularity because its rules are unfair
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
According to the first sentence of the passage, New Towns were originally conceptualized as a way to absorb growth. Based on other information in the passage, it appears that New Towns in the United States achieved this objective - at least to some extent - since city residents who could afford to move away from urban centers did so. At the same time, however, the cities were left with new problems, such as an insufficient tax base to support themselves and to retain businesses. Thus, like a computer program that attempts to solve one software problem but creates another, New Towns were a new innovation that served to solve one problem but created another along the way.
NEW QUESTION # 94
Robert Philip argues that the advent of recorded music has directed performance style into a search for greater precision and perfection, with a consequent loss of spontaneity and warmth. Various expressive devices once common in classical music have been almost outlawed, including portamento (sliding from one note to another on a stringed instrument), playing the piano with the hands not quite synchronized, and flexibility of tempo.
Philip fully documents these changes. However, other forces independent of recording were also at work. For example, the freedom of tempo so valued by Philip was. in its time, both a necessary expedient and disastrously abused. Recording alone did not cause the reaction against it. although hearing a particularly unintelligent use of it on disc may have reinforced the prejudice.
A criticism of Philip implied by the passage is that he
- A. ignores unintelligent uses of certain performance techniques
- B. limits his discussion of performance style to classical music
- C. exaggerates the extent of a change in performance style
- D. attributes a change in performance style to a single cause
- E. values performance techniques that have lost their effectiveness
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 95
......
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